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File-Structured and Foreign Volumes
Ordinarily, when you mount volumes, the system imposes a format on each volume that allows you to read, write, create (or execute), and delete files. These mounted volumes have the format of the OpenVMS operating system.
If you specify the /FOREIGN qualifier when you mount a volume, the system does not impose a format on the media, and you cannot access the files on the mounted volume. Use the /FOREIGN qualifier to mount volumes with formats of operating system that are not OpenVMS or with private formats.
Because foreign volumes are not file-structured, you must access them as follows:
At times, the Backup utility (BACKUP) requires you to mount volumes with the /FOREIGN qualifier, when you restore an entire disk, for example. For details, refer to the HP OpenVMS System Management Utilities Reference Manual .
When mounting volumes, follow these steps:
device-name
|
Specifies the physical device
name or logical name of the device on which the volume is to be
mounted.
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volume-label
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Specifies the label on the
volume.
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logical-name
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Defines a logical name to be associated
with the device.
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Once invoked, the Mount utility performs the following actions:
Using Qualifiers with the MOUNT Command
Under special conditions, you must add qualifiers to the MOUNT command; for example:
MOUNT Command Qualifiers for Mounting Disks and MOUNT Command Qualifiers for Mounting Tapes show, respectively, the qualifiers you can use when you mount disks and tapes.
The following sections explain how to perform these tasks:
Task | Section |
---|---|
Use MOUNT command
qualifiers when you mount disks
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Using MOUNT Command Qualifiers When You Mount Disks
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Use MOUNT command
qualifiers when you mount tapes
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Using MOUNT Command Qualifiers When You Mount Tapes
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Assist users
with mounting
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Assisting Users in Mounting Volumes
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Mount a volume
with a protected subsystem
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Mounting a Volume with Protected Subsystems
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Convert an
existing volume from one ODS format to another
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Converting an Existing Volume from One ODS Format to Another
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Modify disk volume characteristics
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Modifying Disk Volume Characteristics
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Using MOUNT Command Qualifiers When You Mount
Disks
MOUNT Command Qualifiers for Mounting Disks lists MOUNT command qualifiers
you can use to mount disks. The HP OpenVMS DCL Dictionary has more information
about each qualifier.
Qualifier | Description |
---|---|
/ACCESSED=n
|
Requires OPER privilege;
specifies the approximate number of directories that will be in
use concurrently on the volume. (This qualifier is obsolete for
ODS-2.) For example, on a large 500 megabyte (MB) disk you might
select a value of 40, but on a small disk you might specify the
following value: $ MOUNT/ACCESSED=2 DUA3: |
/ASSIST
|
Directs the mount operation
to allow operator or user intervention if the mount request fails. The
/ASSIST qualifier is the default except during system startup. Encourage
users to take advantage of this feature, which repeatedly alerts
the operator of a mount request until the request is satisfied.
To disable operator-assisted mounts, enter a command similar to the following: $ MOUNT/SYSTEM/NOASSIST DUA1: SALES_98 |
/BIND=volume-set-name
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Creates a volume set of
one or more disk volumes or adds one or more volumes
to an existing volume set. For example: $ MOUNT/SYSTEM/BIND=CLIENTS DUA0:,DUA1: EUROPE,ASIA See Using the /BIND Qualifier for details. |
/CACHE=keyword
|
Controls whether caching
limits established at system generation are disabled or overridden.
For example: $ MOUNT/CACHE=(EXTENT=60,FILE_ID=60,QUOTA=20) - _$ DMA0: FILES WORK %MOUNT-I-MOUNTED, FILES mounted on _NODE$DMA0: This command mounts a device labeled FILES and assigns the logical name WORK. The /CACHE qualifier enables an extent cache of 60 entries, a file identification cache of 60 entries, and a quota cache of 20 entries. |
/CLUSTER
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Requires SYSNAM privilege;
specifies that after a volume is successfully mounted on the local
node, or if it is already mounted with the /SYSTEM qualifier on
the local node, it is to be mounted on every other node in the existing
OpenVMS Cluster environment (that is, the volume is to be mounted
clusterwide). For example: $ MOUNT/SYSTEM/CLUSTER DUA1: SALES_95 |
/COMMENT="string"
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Specifies additional information
to be included with the operator request when the mount operation
requires operator assistance. For example: $ MOUNT/SYSTEM DYA1: SALES_95/COMMENT="Vol. in Rack 2." |
/EXTENSION=n
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Requires OPER privilege;
specifies the number of blocks by which disk files are to be extended
on the volume unless otherwise specified by an individual command
or program request. The cluster size
sets the initial disk block allocation; the /EXTENSION qualifier
determines how the file grows. For example, for a small disk with
a cluster size of 1 disk block, you might select an extension size
of 2 disk blocks: $ MOUNT/EXTENSION=2 DUA3: |
/FOREIGN
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Indicates that the volume
is not in the standard format used by the operating system. Use
this qualifier if you want to mount a disk volume with a file structure
other than Files-11 or ISO 9660; for example (using DISK as a logical
name): $ MOUNT/FOREIGN DISK |
/MEDIA_FORMAT=CDROM
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Mounts a volume assuming
the media to be ISO 9660 (or High Sierra) formatted.
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/[NO]MOUNT_VERIFICATION
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Enables or disables the
mount verification feature on disks. By default, the mount verification
feature is enabled. If a device goes off line or becomes write-locked,
mount verification notifies the operator of the error condition,
and then checks to see that the volume identification before and
after the error condition are identical.
To disable mount verification, enter a command like the following one: $ MOUNT/SYSTEM/NOMOUNT_VERIFICATION DUA1: ACCOUNTS_DUE |
/OVERRIDE=keyword
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Inhibits one or more protection
checks that the MOUNT command performs.
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/PROTECTION=keyword
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Specifies the protection
code to be assigned to the volume. Keywords are in the following
list:
See Protecting Disk Volumes for details. |
/SHARE
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Specifies that other users
can access the volume. (However,
you must use the /SYSTEM qualifier to mount public volumes.) Two users
can access a private volume simultaneously if they both use MOUNT/SHARE.
For example: $ MOUNT/SHARE DLA0: COST_ACCOUNT Using the MOUNT/SHARE command on disks already mounted with the /SYSTEM qualifier retains a lock on disk availability even if the disk is dismounted on a systemwide basis. This practice is not usually used for the system disk, but it can occur as a result of invoking a general-purpose command procedure that is sometimes used on system and nonsystem disks. If the DISMOUNT.EXE program is opened by a user and another user enters the MOUNT/SHARE command on the system disk, a subsequent dismount may produce a warning message that the disk cannot be dismounted. To prevent the message, install the DISMOUNT.EXE image. |
/SUBSYSTEM
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Enables the processing of
subsystem ACEs.
(The command MOUNT/SUBSYSTEM requires the SECURITY privilege.) By default,
the disk from which you boot has /SUBSYSTEM enabled but other disks
do not. The following command uses the MOUNT command with the /SUBSYSTEM
qualifier to enable the processing of subsystem ACEs on the DUA0:
device (DOC is the volume label; WORK8 is an optional logical name
for the volume): $ MOUNT/SUBSYSTEM/SYSTEM DUA0: DOC WORK8 |
/SYSTEM
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Requires SYSNAM privilege;
makes the volume public, that is, available to all users of the
system, as long as the UIC-based volume protection allows them access. The
following command mounts the volume labeled WORK and makes it available systemwide: $ MOUNT/SYSTEM DUA1: WORK |
/UCS_SEQUENCE=escape_sequence
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Supplies the escape sequence
to select the coded graphic character set, a requirement when mounting
an ISO 9660 volume for one of its Supplementary Volume Descriptors
(SVDs).
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/UNDEFINED_FAT
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Establishes default file
attributes to be used for records on ISO 9660 media for which no
record format has been specified.
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/WINDOWS=n
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Requires OPER privilege; specifies the
number of mapping pointers to be allocated for file windows. The default
number of windows is set with the INITIALIZE command. The following
example specifies a modest number of pointers: $ MOUNT/WINDOWS=4 DUA3: |
Using MOUNT Command Qualifiers When You Mount
Tapes
MOUNT Command Qualifiers for Mounting Tapes lists MOUNT command qualifiers you can use to mount
a tape volume. For a complete list of MOUNT command qualifiers,
refer to the HP OpenVMS System Management Utilities Reference Manual.
Unless otherwise noted, you must have VOLPRO privilege to use any of these qualifiers when the volume is a standard-labeled volume containing protection that disallows your process from accessing the volume.
Qualifier | Description |
---|---|
/BLOCKSIZE=n
|
Specifies the block size
for the magnetic
tape. The range of valid values for n varies, depending on the density of the volume, whether
the data is for input or output, and whether the operation uses
OpenVMS RMS. By default, the system writes 2048-byte blocks.
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/CACHE=TAPE_DATA
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Requires OPER privilege;
enables the write cache for a tape device if the tape controller
supports one. /NOCACHE is the default for mounting tape devices.
You must specify TAPE_DATA to enable write caching. The write buffer stays enabled even after you dismount the tape. |
/FOREIGN
|
Indicates that the volume
is not in the standard format used by the operating system.
|
/HDR3
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Controls whether special
header labels are written on a tape volume. This is the default.
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/[NO]MOUNT_VERIFICATION
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Enables or disables the
mount verification feature on magnetic tapes. By default, the mount
verification feature is enabled. If a device goes off line or becomes
write-locked, mount verification notifies the operator of the error
condition, and then checks to see that the volume identification
before and after the error condition are identical.
To disable mount verification, enter a command similar to the following:
|
/OVERRIDE=keyword
|
Inhibits one or more of
the access checks that the MOUNT command performs. For example:
This command overrides the volume identification field, thus mounting a magnetic tape on MFA0: without a label specification. |
/OWNER_UIC=uic
|
Requests that the specified
UIC be assigned ownership of the volume while it is mounted, overriding
the ownership recorded on the volume. Or, if you are mounting a
volume using the /FOREIGN qualifier, requests an owner UIC other
than your current UIC.
|
/PROCESSOR=keyword
|
For magnetic tapes and Files-11
Structure Level 1 disks, requests that the MOUNT command associate
an ancillary control process (ACP) to process the volume.
You must have the operator user privilege OPER to use the /PROCESSOR qualifier. Keywords are in the following list:
This command directs MOUNT to mount a magnetic tape on MFA0: using the same ACP process currently associated with the MTA1: device. |
/PROTECTION=code
|
Specifies the protection
code to be assigned to the volume for the duration of the mount.
See
Protecting Tape Volumes for details.
|
/RECORDSIZE=n
|
Specifies the number of characters in
each record of a magnetic tape volume. Use this qualifier when you
mount a volume that has a file without a second header label (such
as RT-11 volumes), or when you mount volumes with the /FOREIGN qualifier,
to provide RMS with the size of fixed-length records or the maximum
size of variable-length records.
|
Two other qualifiers that are important for mounting tape volumes are /INITIALIZE and /AUTOMATIC, which are explained in Enabling Automatic Volume Switching and Disabling Automatic Switching, respectively.
In this example, the MOUNT command requests an available RA90 device for the volume labeled TEST_FILES. After you physically mount the volume in the device named in the response from MOUNT, the system completes the operation. Note that the device is automatically allocated by MOUNT.$
MOUNT MU: TEST_FILES
%MOUNT-I-OPRQST, Please mount volume TEST_FILES in device _MUA2:
%MOUNT-I-MOUNTED, TEST_FILES mounted on _MUA2:
Upon successful completion of the operation, MOUNT notifies you with a message sent to SYS$OUTPUT. If the operation fails for any reason, MOUNT notifies you with an error message.
Assisting Users in Mounting Volumes
Large sites often have operators assigned to assist users
with mounting volumes.
Sending Requests to an Operator explains how users can send requests to operators.
Replying to Operator Requests briefly explains
how operators reply to those requests.
When a user requests you to mount a specific disk or tape on a device, the following type of message appears on the operator terminal:
%%%%%%%%%%% OPCOM, <dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm:ss:cc> %%%%%%%%%%% request <request-id>, from user <user-name>The following steps indicate the sequence of events:
$
MOUNT DUA2: TEST_FILES/COMMENT="Shelf slot 6B"
%%%%%%%%%%% OPCOM, 28-MAY-2000 15:47:50.26 %%%%%%%%%%%
request 5, from user MALCOLM
Please mount volume TEST_FILES in device _DUA2:
Shelf slot 6B
%MOUNT-I-OPRQST, Please mount volume TEST_FILES in device _DUA2:
Shelf slot 6B
%MOUNT-I-MOUNTED,TEST_FILES mounted on _DUA2:
%MOUNT-I-RQSTDON, operator request canceled -- mount completed successfully.
Instead of requesting a specific hardware device, such as DUA2:, for mounting a volume, users can make a generic MOUNT request. A generic MOUNT request specifies a type of device and lets you find an available device in that class. For example, to mount the volume CITIES on any tape drive whose name begins with MU, the user enters the following command:
If the user has already allocated a drive whose name begins with MU, the Mount utility requests that you mount CITIES on that particular drive. If no device has been allocated, the Mount utility allocates the first available MU tape drive it finds and requests you to mount CITIES on that drive.$
MOUNT MU: CITIES/COMMENT="Slot 12c"
Sending Messages Back to Users
After you mount a disk or tape, follow these steps:
If a user enters a MOUNT/ASSIST command and the desired device is unavailable, you can substitute another device. Whenever you must substitute a device, load the requested volume on the alternate device and prepare the device for connection before you enter the REPLY command. Use the following format:REPLY/TO=identification-number "SUBSTITUTE device-name"You can abbreviate the word SUBSTITUTE to "S" and use uppercase or lowercase letters. After a space, use the remainder of the message-text space to name the substituted device.
This example shows how an operator redirects the mount operation to the DUA1: device.$
REPLY/TO=24 "SUBSTITUTE DUA1:"
This is an example of a user's request and the substitution information the user receives. In this example, the MKA100: device has been substituted for the MKB500: device.$
MOUNT/ASSIST MKB500: MYDATA
%MOUNT-I-OPRQST, Please mount volume MYDATA in device _MKB500:
%MOUNT-I-OPREPLY, Substitute MKA100:
11:44:28.71, request 1 was completed by operator _FTA8:
Refer to the HP OpenVMS DCL Dictionary for a complete list of REPLY qualifiers and their functions. See Sending Messages Back to Users for instructions for entering REPLY commands after you mount a volume set with automatic switching disabled.
Mounting a Volume with Protected Subsystems
Security is usually based on control rights that are granted
or denied to the user. In a protected subsystem, however, security
is based on access controls assigned to the subsystem. The subsystem
acts as a gatekeeper that grants or denies users access to objects
belonging to the subsystem.
Unprivileged users can build and manage protected subsystems. You must be involved at two points in the process:
Anyone who mounts a subsystem is responsible for
knowing what is on the volume being mounted. HP strongly
recommends that you find out what is on a volume before you mount
a subsystem. Without this knowledge, you might inadvertently subvert
system security and jeopardize the privacy of users' data. For example, a user with malicious intent who has privileges on one OpenVMS Cluster node might place an application with a subsystem identifier on a volume and then request an unsuspecting operator or system manager to mount the volume on another node. Because the application has a subsystem identifier, the application appears to belong to a subsystem for which it is unauthorized. |
The system enables protected subsystems by default only on the system disk. For other disks, you must enable subsystems every time you mount a volume. A person with the SECURITY privilege can enable subsystems on a volume by using the /SUBSYSTEM qualifier on the MOUNT command.
You can dynamically turn on and off the processing of Subsystem ACEs with the DCL command SET VOLUME/SUBSYSTEM. This command is especially useful for the system disk, which is not mounted using the MOUNT command.
The command in the following example mounts the volume labeled DOC on the DUA0: device. Subsystems on the volume are accessible. The MOUNT command also assigns the logical name WORK8.
$
MOUNT/SUBSYSTEM/SYSTEM DUA0: DOC WORK8
Converting an Existing Volume from One ODS
Format to Another
The following sections contain instructions for converting
an existing volume from one ODS file format to another.
Converting
from ODS-2 to ODS-5
To convert an ODS-2 volume to an ODS-5 volume:
$ DISMOUNT /CLUSTER DKA300:
$ MOUNT DKA300: DISK1
%MOUNT-I-MOUNTED, DISK1 mounted on _STAR$DKA300:
Omitting the /SYSTEM qualifier causes the system to mount
the volume as a private, not a public, volume.$ SHOW DEVICE DKA200:/FULL
Disk $10$DKA200:, device type RZ47, is online, allocated, deallocate
on dismount, mounted, file-oriented device, shareable.
Error count 0 Operations completed 232
.
.
.
Volume Status: ODS-2, subject to mount verification, file high-water
marking, write-back caching enabled.
An alternative method for displaying the volume type is to
issue a command and receive a response similar to the following:$ WRITE SYS$OUTPUT F$GETDVI ("DKA200:","ACPTYPE")
F11V2
F11V2 indicates that the volume is ODS-2.$ BACKUP /IMAGE DKA300: SAV.BCK /SAVE_SET
$ SET VOLUME /STRUCTURE_LEVEL=5 DKA300:
You cannot use the SET VOLUME command to change a volume
from ODS-5 to ODS-2. To reset a volume to ODS-2, you must use BACKUP
as described in
Converting from ODS-5 Files to ODS-2. If a failure occurs after you enter the SET VOLUME/STRUCTURE_LEVEL command, refer to the instructions at the end of this section. |
%SET-E-NOTMOD, DKA300: not modified -SET-E-NOTDISK, device must be a Files-ll format disk %SET-E-NOTMOD, DKA300: not modified -SET-W-INVODSLVL, Invalid on-disk structure level
%SET-E-NOTMOD, DKA300: not modified -SET-W-NOTPRIVATE, device must be mounted privately
%SET-E-NOTMOD, DKA300: not modified -SET-W-NOTONEACCR, device must be mounted with only one accessor
After using the SET VOLUME /STRUCTURE_LEVEL=5 command,
do not access the disk further until the disk is dismounted and
remounted. |
$DISMOUNT DKA300:
$MOUNT /CLUSTER DKA300: DISK1
%MOUNT-I-MOUNTED, DISK1 mounted on _STAR$DKA300:
To verify that the volume has been converted to ODS-5, you can enter a SHOW DEVICE/FULL command and see a display similar to the following:
$ SHOW DEVICE DKA300:/FULL
Disk $10$DKA300:, device type RX74, is online, allocated, deallocate
on dismount, mounted, file-oriented device, shareable.
Error count 0 Operations completed 155
.
.
.
Volume Status: ODS-5, subject to mount verification, file high-water
marking, write-back caching enabled.
An alternative method for displaying the volume type is to
issue a command and receive a response similar to the following:$ WRITE SYS$OUTPUT F$GETDVI ("DKA500:","ACPTYPE")
F11V5
F11V5 indicates that the volume is ODS-5.What to Do if a Failure Occurs
If a failure such as an I/O error or a system crash occurs while the SET VOLUME/STRUCTURE_LEVEL command is executing but before the command finishes, the volume might be only partially updated. If so, when you enter the MOUNT command, the Mount utility will display one of the following error messages:
Inconsistent file structure level on device ... Structure level on device ... is inconsistent with volume setIf either condition is true, you can enter the MOUNT command only with the /NOSHARE qualifier (or with no qualifier, because /NOSHARE is the default). When you do, the system displays the same error message but only as a warning.
To recover from the error condition, reenter the SET VOLUME/STRUCTURE_LEVEL=5 command, and then dismount and remount the disk. As a last resort, you can restore the backup you made.
Converting
from ODS-1 to ODS-2
To
convert from ODS-1 format to ODS-2 format:
Converting
from ODS-5 Files to ODS-2
Two types of BACKUP operations, file and image, support converting
ODS-5 file names to ODS-2 file names. (File and image operations
are described more completely in
Using BACKUP.)
In the examples in the following descriptions, notice that when you perform a conversion to or from a save set, the created as or copied as message is displayed for the converted files.
If BACKUP cannot convert a file name within its existing directory, it converts the file name and leaves it unconnected so that ANALYZE /DISK /REPAIR can connect it to the [SYSLOST] directory, where the file has an ODS-2-compliant name. BACKUP also displays messages similar to the following:
%BACKUP-I-RECOVCNT, 5 files could not be converted into a directory on DKA100: -BACKUP-I-RECOVCMD, use the Analyze/Disk_Structure/Repair command to recover filesIn this case, you need to move the file from [SYSLOST] to the appropriate directory. Refer to the
created as
log
messages to see where the file would logically be placed and place
it there manually.
Modifying
Disk Volume Characteristics
Use
the DCL command SET VOLUME to modify the characteristics of one
or more mounted Files-11 disk volumes. To use this command, you
must have write access to the index file on the volume. If you are
not the owner of the volume, you must have either a system UIC or
the user privilege SYSPRV. You must then specify the name of one
or more mounted Files-11 volumes.
The following examples illustrate how you can use the SET VOLUME command.
This command requests that data checks be performed following all read and write operations to the DKA100: volumes.$
SET VOLUME/DATA_CHECK=(READ,WRITE) DKA100:
This command encodes the label LICENSES on the DKA100: volume. Note that, if characters in labels are entered in lowercase, the /LABEL qualifier changes them to uppercase.$
SET VOLUME/LABEL=LICENSES DKA100:
Speeding Up Disk Mounting
The DISKMOUNT.C program can help to speed up disk mounts at
system startup time. The program reduces the MOUNT image activation
time by directly calling the $MOUNT system service.
DISKMOUNT.C does not support mounting of disks connected to an InfoServer, disks served using DFS, or stripe sets. |
For additional information, see the comments in the DISKMOUNT.H file.
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