HP OpenVMS System Management Utilities Reference
Manual
7.3.3 Using Wildcard Characters with BACKUP
BACKUP allows you to use wildcard characters in file specifications to
represent directories, file names, file types, and version numbers.
Omitted file names, file types, or version numbers are assumed to be
the asterisk wildcard character (*). For instance, if you omit the
version number, BACKUP processes all versions. (For introductory
information about wildcard characters, refer to the OpenVMS User's Manual.)
You can use any valid DCL wildcard character with input specifiers that
are Files--11 media or with the /SELECT and /EXCLUDE qualifiers. Note,
however, that the symbols denoting the latest versions of files (;) and
relative versions of files (;-n) are processed as the asterisk wildcard
character (;*) when they are used with the /EXCLUDE and /SELECT
qualifiers.
You cannot use wildcard characters in BACKUP save-set specifications
unless the save sets are input specifiers on tape.
Using Wildcard Characters to Represent Directories
The following table lists the types of directory wildcards allowed for
output specifiers that are Files--11 media:
| Directory Wildcard |
Result |
|
omitted
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If a directory name is omitted, BACKUP restores file to the current
default directory [].
|
|
[*...]
|
BACKUP restores files to the directory from which they were saved.
|
|
[directory]
|
BACKUP restores files to the named directory.
|
|
[directory...]
|
The wildcard characters used in the specification of the input files
determine the directory to which BACKUP restores the files.
|
Note
If you specify directory wildcard characters incorrectly and your
directories contain many levels of subdirectories, you risk losing the
lower level subdirectories in BACKUP operations because OpenVMS
directory trees can have only 8 levels with ODS-2 files. ODS-5 files,
however, do not have this 8-level restriction.
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The following example uses the directory wildcard format [directory...]
for both the input and the output specifiers:
$ BACKUP [OSCAR...] [JOE.RECEIVED...]
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In this example, BACKUP creates a directory named [JOE.RECEIVED] (if it
does not already exist) as well as subdirectories that correspond to
the subdirectories of [OSCAR]. BACKUP copies all files from the
directory [OSCAR] and its subdirectories to [JOE.RECEIVED] and its
subdirectories. If [OSCAR] has 8 levels of directories, however, and
files in it are ODS-2, BACKUP is unable to create a corresponding
9-level subdirectory to [JOE.RECEIVED]; the 8-level subdirectory to
[OSCAR] is not copied. (This restriction does not apply to ODS-5 files.)
If you use the asterisk wildcard character (*) to represent
subdirectories in the input specifier of a copy operation, BACKUP
creates subdirectories to the directory specified in the output
specifier that correspond to the subdirectories in the input specifier.
BACKUP then copies all files from the lowest level subdirectory in the
input specifier to the lowest level subdirectory in the output
specifier. In the following example, the asterisk represents
subdirectories named MONDAY and TUESDAY:
$ BACKUP [SAM.WORK.*.WEDNESDAY] [JAMES...]
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In this example, BACKUP creates a subdirectory named
[JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY]. In doing so, BACKUP copies the file
MONDAY.DIR to [JAMES], copies the file TUESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY],
and copies the file WEDNESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY]. Then
BACKUP copies all files from [SAM.WORK.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY] to
[JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY].
In a restore operation, the input specifier defaults to [*...] if the
input save-set qualifier /SELECT is not used; this is important if you
use the form [directory...] in the output specifier. The function of
the wildcard [*...] is to carry over the entire directory name from the
first level on and to place it before the ellipsis in the output
specifier. Thus, if the save set in the following example contains the
directory tree [SAVE...], the restored directory tree will be
[WORK.SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [WORK...]
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Note that the result will be the same, even if your output specifier
has the same name as the directory in the input specifier, as shown in
the following example:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [SAVE...]
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The preceding command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a
directory tree named [SAVE.SAVE...].
The following command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a
directory tree named [WORK...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [WORK...]
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There are two ways to retain the original directory name when you
restore files. You must either use the form [*...] for the output
specifier, or you must specify the input save-set qualifier /SELECT.
The following example uses the form [*...] in the output specifier to
restore the directory tree [SAVE...] in save set SAVE.BCK to the
directory tree [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [*...]
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The input save-set qualifier /SELECT causes only the ellipsis portion
of the selected file specification to be carried over to the directory
tree named in the output specifier [directory...]. The following
command restores [SAVE...] to [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [SAVE...]
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7.4 BACKUP Usage Summary
By duplicating files or volumes of files, the Backup utility (BACKUP)
protects data from loss or corruption.
BACKUP is intended for use primarily by system managers and operators
to protect public media. However, anyone can use BACKUP to make
personal BACKUP copies and to transport files between OpenVMS systems.
The two ways to back up your system disk are:
- If you have access to the CD-ROM of the current
version of OpenVMS Alpha, I64, or VAX, you can use a menu-driven
procedure to back up your system disk.
- If you do not have access to the CD-ROM of the
current version of OpenVMS Alpha, I64, or VAX, you must use standalone
BACKUP to back up your system disk. Standalone BACKUP is a version of
the Backup utility that is bootstrapped into main memory instead of
running under the control of the OpenVMS VAX operating system.
Standalone BACKUP uses a subset of BACKUP qualifiers to perform image
and physical BACKUP operations.
Format
BACKUP input-specifier output-specifier
Parameters
input specifier
Specifies the input for the BACKUP operation. The input specifier can
be a standard OpenVMS file specification, a BACKUP save-set
specification, or a device name. If the input specifier is a save-set
specification on disk, it must include the input save-set qualifier
/SAVE_SET.
DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
Wildcards are permitted in standard OpenVMS file specifications and in
save-set specifications if they are on magnetic tape.
output specifier
Specifies the output for the BACKUP operation. The output specifier,
like the input specifier, can be either a standard OpenVMS file
specification, a BACKUP save-set specification, or a device name. If
the output specifier is a save set on disk, it must include the output
save-set qualifier /SAVE_SET.
DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
You can use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a Files--11
volume. You cannot use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a
BACKUP save set or a volume created by a BACKUP/PHYSICAL or
BACKUP/IMAGE operation. Refer to Section 7.3.3 for restrictions on the
use of wildcard characters in BACKUP commands.
Description
To invoke online BACKUP, enter an appropriate BACKUP command at the DCL
prompt. For instructions on invoking standalone BACKUP, refer to the
HP OpenVMS System Manager's Manual.
When you enter a BACKUP command, BACKUP evaluates the input and output
specifier and qualifiers to determine the type of operation to perform.
BACKUP uses the input specifier to locate the input to the utility and
directs output to the output specifier, which can be a file or a save
set on disk or a save set on magnetic tape.
After executing the command, BACKUP returns to DCL command level. If
you want to halt the execution of a BACKUP command prematurely, press
Ctrl/Y. If BACKUP is creating a file when you press Ctrl/Y, the file is
closed immediately and only partially created.
You need the user privilege TMPMBX to send messages to operator
terminals when using BACKUP in batch mode. If you are performing a save
operation to a volume set of sequential disks, you must have the user
privilege PHY_IO or LOG_IO to write to a continuation volume. The use
of several BACKUP qualifiers also requires privileges; these are noted
in the appropriate qualifier descriptions.
7.5 BACKUP Qualifiers
This section describes and provides examples of each BACKUP qualifier.
Make sure that you understand how the position of BACKUP qualifiers
affects BACKUP operations. See Section 7.2 for information about the
BACKUP command line format. Table 7-2 summarizes the BACKUP
qualifiers.
Table 7-2 BACKUP Qualifier Summary
| Qualifier |
Description |
|
/ALIAS
|
Specifies whether to maintain the previous behavior of multiple
processing of alias and primary file entries.
|
|
/ASSIST
|
Allows operator or user intervention if a request to mount a magnetic
tape fails during a BACKUP operation.
|
|
/BACKUP
|
Selects files according to the BACKUP date written in the file header
record by the BACKUP/RECORD command.
|
|
/BEFORE
|
Selects files dated earlier than the date and time you specify.
|
|
/BLOCK_SIZE
|
Specifies the output block size in bytes for data records in a BACKUP
save set.
|
|
/BRIEF
|
Causes the /LIST qualifier to display the file specification, size (in
blocks), and creation date for each file in the save set.
|
|
/BUFFER_COUNT
|
This qualifier is obsolete and has no effect.
|
|
/BY_OWNER
|
As an input file-selection qualifier, /BY_OWNER causes BACKUP to
process files owned by the specified UIC.
As an output file qualifier, /BY_OWNER redefines the owner user
identification code (UIC) for restored files.
As an output save-set qualifier, /BY_OWNER specifies the owner user
identification code (UIC) of the save set.
|
|
/COMMENT
|
Places the string that you supply into the BACKUP summary record of the
output save set.
|
|
/COMPARE
|
Causes BACKUP to compare the contents of the first parameter with the
contents of the second parameter.
|
|
/CONFIRM
|
Displays prompts on your terminal for confirmation before processing
each file.
|
|
/CONVERT
|
Converts ODS-5 file names to ODS-2 file names.
|
|
/CRC
|
As an input save-set qualifier, /CRC checks the software cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) encoded in the save set's data blocks.
As an output save-set qualifier, /CRC specifies that the CRC is to
be computed and stored in the data blocks of the output save set.
|
|
/CREATED
|
Selects files according to the value of the creation date field in each
file header record.
|
|
/DELETE
|
Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation is to delete the
selected input files from the input volume after all files have been
successfully processed.
|
|
/DENSITY
|
Specifies the recording density of the output magnetic tape.
|
|
/EXACT_ORDER
|
Specifies the exact order of tape volume labels that you want to use in
a BACKUP operation.
|
|
/EXCLUDE
|
Excludes files from processing that otherwise meet the selection
criteria for a save or copy operation.
|
|
/EXPIRED
|
Selects files according to the value of the expiration date field in
each file header record.
|
|
/FAST
|
Processes the input specifier using a fast file scan to reduce
processing time.
|
|
/FILES_SELECTED
|
Specifies a file that contains a list of the files that are to be
selected when a save set is restored.
|
|
/FULL
|
Displays the information produced by the /LIST command qualifier in a
format similar to that displayed by the DCL command DIRECTORY/FULL.
|
|
/GROUP_SIZE
|
Defines the number of blocks BACKUP places in each redundancy group.
|
|
/HEADER_ONLY
|
Controls whether BACKUP saves only the file header of shelved and
preshelved files.
|
|
/IGNORE
|
Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation will override
restrictions placed on files or will not perform tape label processing
checks.
|
|
/IMAGE
|
Directs BACKUP to process an entire volume or volume set.
|
|
/INCREMENTAL
|
Allows you to restore a disk volume from a series of incremental save
sets.
|
|
/INITIALIZE
|
Initializes an output disk volume, making its entire previous contents
unavailable.
|
|
/INPUT_FILES
|
Directs BACKUP to treat the input-specifier as the file name of a list
of files. This file specifies the input files for a BACKUP operation.
|
|
/INTERCHANGE
|
Directs BACKUP to process files in a manner suitable for data
interchange (software distribution) by excluding information that would
prevent other utilities or sites from reading the BACKUP save set.
|
|
/JOURNAL
|
Specifies that a BACKUP save operation is to create, or append
information to, a BACKUP journal file.
|
|
/LABEL
|
Specifies the 1- to 6- character volume labels for the magnetic tapes
and 1- to 12- character volume labels for disks to which the save set
is written.
|
|
/LIST
|
Lists information about a BACKUP save set and about the files in a save
set.
|
|
/LOG
|
Displays the file specification of each file processed during the
operation on SYS$OUTPUT.
|
|
/MEDIA_FORMAT
|
Controls whether data records are automatically compacted and blocked
together.
|
|
/MODIFIED
|
Selects files according to the value of the modified date field (the
date the file was last modified) in each file header record.
|
|
/NEW_VERSION
|
Creates a new version of a file if a file with an identical
specification already exists at the location to which the file is being
restored or copied.
|
|
/NOINCREMENTAL
|
Allows you to control the amount of file data that is saved in a save
operation.
|
|
/OVERLAY
|
Writes over an existing file when an identically named file is
encountered during the restore operation.
|
|
/OWNER_UIC
|
The /OWNER_UIC qualifier has been superseded by the /BY_OWNER
qualifier. HP recommends that you substitute /BY_OWNER for OWNER_UIC in
command procedures and operator instructions. See the description of
the /BY_OWNER qualifier for more information.
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|
/PHYSICAL
|
Specifies that a BACKUP operation is to ignore any file structure on
the input volume and to process the volume in terms of logical blocks.
|
|
/PROTECTION
|
When you create a save set on disk, this qualifier defines the
protection to be applied to an output save set. When you create a save
set on magnetic tape, this qualifier defines the protection to be
applied to the magnetic tape volume.
|
|
/RECORD
|
Records the current date and time in the BACKUP date field of each file
header once a file is successfully saved or copied.
|
|
/RELEASE_TAPE
|
Dismounts and unloads a tape after a BACKUP save operation either
writes and verifies the save set, or reaches the end of the tape.
|
|
/REPLACE
|
Replaces a file on the output specifier with an identically named file
from the input specifier.
|
|
/REWIND
|
As an input save-set qualifier, /REWIND rewinds the input tape reel to
the beginning-of-tape marker before reading the input volume.
As an output save-set qualifier, /REWIND rewinds the output tape to
the beginning-of-tape marker and initializes the output tape.
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|
/SAVE_SET
|
As an input save-set qualifier, /SAVE_SET directs BACKUP to treat the
input file as a BACKUP save set.
As an output save-set qualifier, /SAVE_SET directs BACKUP to treat
the output file as a BACKUP save set.
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|
/SELECT
|
Selects the specified files for processing.
|
|
/SINCE
|
Selects files dated equal to or later than the specified date and time.
|
|
/TAPE_EXPIRATION
|
Writes a file expiration date other than the current date to the file
header label of the save set.
|
|
/TRUNCATE
|
Controls whether a copy or restore operation truncates a sequential
output file at the end-of-file (EOF) when creating it.
|
|
/VERIFY
|
Specifies that the contents of the output specifier be compared with
the contents of the input specifier after a save, restore, or copy
operation is completed.
|
|
/VOLUME
|
Indicates that a specific disk volume in a disk volume set is to be
processed.
|
/ALIAS
Command Qualifier
Specifies that the previous behavior of multiple processing of alias
and primary file entries be maintained.
Note
Use the /ALIAS qualifier only when you are restoring
very old save sets (from OpenVMS Version 6.2 or earlier). The current
default behavior is correct in nearly every other situation. If you are
in doubt about using this qualifier, contact your HP support
representative.
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Description
The /ALIAS qualifier maintains the previous BACKUP behavior of treating
alias file entries the same as primary file entries. Therefore, a
primary file may be processed multiple times by BACKUP if one or more
alias file entries reference the same primary file entry.
If you specify /NOALIAS, alias directory and file entries are ignored.
Therefore, multiple processing of primary files may be avoided, which
saves time and save-set file space. If a restore operation is performed
using the /ALIAS qualifier but the save set was created by using the
/NOALIAS qualifier, a message is displayed that the /ALIAS qualifier
will be ignored.
Format
/ALIAS save-set-spec (default)
/NOALIAS
/ASSIST
Command Qualifier
Allows operator or user intervention during a BACKUP operation if a
magnetic tape mount request fails or if an operation requires another
volume.
Format
/[NO]ASSIST input-specifier output-specifier
Description
The /ASSIST qualifier causes BACKUP to send messages to operator
terminals when a failure occurs during a BACKUP mount request or when
an operation requires another volume. BACKUP sends messages to operator
terminals enabled to receive TAPES and CENTRAL messages. (See the
description of the REPLY command in the HP OpenVMS DCL Dictionary for information
about enabling and disabling operator terminals.) If a failure occurs,
the operator can either abort the operation or correct the error
condition and allow the operation to continue.
If no operator terminal is enabled to receive TAPES and CENTRAL
messages and to respond to a mount assist request, a message is
displayed informing the user of the situation. If a volume is placed in
the requested drive, no additional operator response is necessary. Any
operator reply to a mount request is written to SYS$OUTPUT. When BACKUP
is run interactively, SYS$OUTPUT is the user's terminal. When BACKUP is
run in batch mode, SYS$OUTPUT is the batch job log file.
If you specify /NOASSIST, mount messages appear on your terminal and
are not sent to the operator.
The default is /ASSIST. The /NOASSIST qualifier has no effect if the
logical name SYS$COMMAND points to a device that is not a terminal (as
is the case when you run BACKUP in a batch job). Specifying /NOASSIST
when BACKUP is run in batch mode has no effect.
Example
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$ BACKUP/NOASSIST [PAYROLL]*.*;* MTA1:PAYROLL.BCK/LABEL=WKY101
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This command mounts the volume labeled WKY101 on the MTA1 tape drive
and copies all files in the [PAYROLL] directory to a save set named
PAYROLL.BCK. The /NOASSIST qualifier directs BACKUP to send mount
messages to your terminal rather than to the operator terminal. The
WKY101 label indicates that WKY101 is a weekly BACKUP tape in group 1,
volume number 01. (If the volume label of the tape is not WKY101, you
can direct BACKUP to write the save set to the tape by choosing the
OVERWRITE option at the BACKUP> prompt.)
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