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HP OpenVMS System Management Utilities Reference
Manual
7.3.1 Input and Output Specifier Element Lists
An element list is a list of arguments specified with
a command or qualifier. The arguments, or elements, in the list are
separated by commas. Element lists relating to input or output
specifiers are allowed only in the following circumstances:
- If an input specifier refers to a Files--11 disk, you can construct
lists from standard OpenVMS file specifications, as follows:
$ BACKUP
_From: DUA0:[DATA]A.DAT,B.DAT,[PROGRAMS]TEST.EXE
_To: MSA0:TEST.SAV/LABEL=DLY101
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- If an input specifier or an output specifier refers to a BACKUP
save set on magnetic tape or sequential disk, you can specify more than
one device name to be used in the operation. This allows you to process
multivolume save sets efficiently by specifying the order in which
devices will be used. The first volume is processed until it is full.
The second (or subsequent) volume is processed while the media in the
first (or previous) volume is being changed. However, the save-set name
must appear with the first element in the list and must not appear in
subsequent elements in the list.
In the following example, BACKUP
first saves data to a tape in drive MSA0, then to a tape in drive MSA1.
When the tape in drive MSA1 is full, BACKUP saves data to a fresh tape
in MSA0.
$ BACKUP
_From: DUA0:[DATA]*.*,DUA0:[PROGRAMS]*.*
_To: MSA0:TEST.SAV,MSA1:/LABEL=WKLY01
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- If you are performing an image operation on a volume set, you can
specify element lists in the input and output specifiers. In the
following example, BACKUP first restores the save set TEST.SAV from the
tape in drive MSA0, and then continues to restore the save set from the
tape in drive MSA1. BACKUP first restores this save set to DUA0. When
DUA0 is full, BACKUP continues the restore operation to DUA1.
$ BACKUP/IMAGE
_From: MSA0:TEST.SAV,MSA1:
_To: DUA0:[DATA...],DUA1:
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7.3.2 Using Wildcard Characters with BACKUP
BACKUP allows you to use wildcard characters in file specifications to
represent directories, file names, file types, and version numbers.
Omitted file names, file types, or version numbers are assumed to be
the asterisk wildcard character (*). For instance, if you omit the
version number, BACKUP processes all versions. (For introductory
information about wildcard characters, see the OpenVMS User's Manual.)
You can use any valid DCL wildcard character with input specifiers that
are Files--11 media or with the /SELECT and /EXCLUDE qualifiers. Note,
however, that the symbols denoting the latest versions of files (;) and
relative versions of files (;-n) are processed as the asterisk wildcard
character (;*) when they are used with the /EXCLUDE and /SELECT
qualifiers.
You cannot use wildcard characters in BACKUP save-set specifications
unless the save sets are input specifiers on tape.
Using Wildcard Characters to Represent Directories
The following table lists the types of directory wildcards allowed for
output specifiers that are Files--11 media:
| Directory Wildcard |
Result |
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omitted
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If a directory name is omitted, BACKUP restores file to the current
default directory [].
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[*...]
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BACKUP restores files to the directory from which they were saved.
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[directory]
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BACKUP restores files to the named directory.
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[directory...]
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The wildcard characters used in the specification of the input files
determine the directory to which BACKUP restores the files.
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Note
If you specify directory wildcard characters incorrectly and your
directories contain many levels of subdirectories, you risk losing the
lower level subdirectories in BACKUP operations because OpenVMS
directory trees can have only 8 levels with ODS-2 files. ODS-5 files,
however, do not have this 8-level restriction.
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The following example uses the directory wildcard format [directory...]
for both the input and the output specifiers:
$ BACKUP [OSCAR...] [JOE.RECEIVED...]
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In this example, BACKUP creates a directory named [JOE.RECEIVED] (if it
does not already exist) as well as subdirectories that correspond to
the subdirectories of [OSCAR]. BACKUP copies all files from the
directory [OSCAR] and its subdirectories to [JOE.RECEIVED] and its
subdirectories. If [OSCAR] has 8 levels of directories, however, and
files in it are ODS-2, BACKUP is unable to create a corresponding
9-level subdirectory to [JOE.RECEIVED]; the 8-level subdirectory to
[OSCAR] is not copied. (This restriction does not apply to ODS-5 files.)
If you use the asterisk wildcard character (*) to represent
subdirectories in the input specifier of a copy operation, BACKUP
creates subdirectories to the directory specified in the output
specifier that correspond to the subdirectories in the input specifier.
BACKUP then copies all files from the lowest level subdirectory in the
input specifier to the lowest level subdirectory in the output
specifier. In the following example, the asterisk represents
subdirectories named MONDAY and TUESDAY:
$ BACKUP [SAM.WORK.*.WEDNESDAY] [JAMES...]
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In this example, BACKUP creates a subdirectory named
[JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY]. In doing so, BACKUP:
- Copies the file MONDAY.DIR to [JAMES]
- Copies the file TUESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY], and
- Copies the file WEDNESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY].
- Copies all files from [SAM.WORK.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY] to
[JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY].
In a restore operation, the input specifier defaults to [*...] if the
input save-set qualifier /SELECT is not used; this is important if you
use the form [directory...] in the output specifier. The function of
the wildcard [*...] is to carry over the entire directory name from the
first level on and to place it before the ellipsis in the output
specifier. Thus, if the save set in the following example contains the
directory tree [SAVE...], the restored directory tree will be
[WORK.SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [WORK...]
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Note that the result will be the same, even if your output specifier
has the same name as the directory in the input specifier, as shown in
the following example:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [SAVE...]
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The preceding command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a
directory tree named [SAVE.SAVE...].
The following command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a
directory tree named [WORK...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [WORK...]
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There are two ways to retain the original directory name when you
restore files. You must either use the form [*...] for the output
specifier, or you must specify the input save-set qualifier /SELECT.
The following example uses the form [*...] in the output specifier to
restore the directory tree [SAVE...] in save set SAVE.BCK to the
directory tree [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [*...]
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The input save-set qualifier /SELECT causes only the ellipsis portion
of the selected file specification to be carried over to the directory
tree named in the output specifier [directory...]. The following
command restores [SAVE...] to [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [SAVE...]
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7.4 BACKUP Qualifiers
You can also affect BACKUP operations by specifiying qualifiers. BACKUP
has five types of qualifiers:
- Command qualifiers modify the default action of a
BACKUP command. You can place command qualifiers anywhere in the
command line. Command qualifiers act upon every file in the input or
output specifier.
- Input file-selection qualifiers select files from
the input specifier. Place them immediately after the input specifier.
- Output file qualifiers change the way output files
are restored. Place them immediately after the output specifier.
- Input save-set qualifiers affect the way BACKUP
handles an input save set during a restore or compare operation. Place
them immediately after the input specifier.
- Output save-set qualifiers affect the way BACKUP
processes an output save set during a save operation. Place them
immediately after the output specifier.
Note
You cannot use input and output qualifiers in image operations.
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It is important to understand the differences between the types of
qualifiers. The position of qualifiers in the BACKUP command line
affects the results of the command. Although command qualifiers can be
placed anywhere in the command line, input- and output-specifier
qualifiers are position-dependent. That is, input-specifier qualifiers
must be placed immediately after the input specifier, and
output-specifier qualifiers must be placed immediately after the output
specifier.
Additionally, several BACKUP qualifiers are both input-specifier
qualifiers and output-specifier qualfiers. To achieve the results you
want from a BACKUP command, ensure that you place position-dependent
qualifiers correctly. For example, use the /SAVE_SET qualifier as an
output save-set qualifier in a BACKUP save operation and as an input
save-set qualifier in a BACKUP restore operation.
Appendix G contains more information about valid combinations of
BACKUP qualifiers. Table 7-2 summarizes BACKUP qualifiers by type.
Table 7-2 Summary of BACKUP Qualifiers by Type
| Qualifier |
Description |
| Command Qualifiers |
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/[NO]ALIAS
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Specifies whether to maintain the previous behavior of multiple
processing of alias and primary file entries.
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/[NO]ASSIST
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Allows operator or user intervention if a request to mount a magnetic
tape fails during a BACKUP operation.
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/BRIEF
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Causes the /LIST qualifier to display the file specification, size (in
blocks), and creation date for each file in the save set.
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/COMPARE
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Causes BACKUP to compare the contents of the first parameter with the
contents of the second parameter.
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/DELETE
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Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation is to delete the
selected input files from the input volume after all files have been
successfully processed.
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/ENCRYPT
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Creates and restores encrypted save sets.
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/FAST
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Processes the input specifier using a fast file scan to reduce
processing time.
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/FULL
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Displays the information produced by the /LIST command qualifier in a
format similar to that displayed by the DCL command DIRECTORY/FULL.
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/IGNORE
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Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation overrides restrictions
placed on files or is not to perform tape label processing checks.
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/IMAGE
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Directs BACKUP to process an entire volume or volume set.
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/INCREMENTAL
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Allows you to restore a disk volume from a series of incremental save
sets. (Unrelated to /NOINCREMENTAL.)
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/[NO]INITIALIZE
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Initializes an output disk volume, making its entire previous contents
unavailable.
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/INTERCHANGE
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Directs BACKUP to process files in a manner suitable for data
interchange (software distribution) by excluding information that would
prevent other utilities or sites from reading the BACKUP save set.
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/IO_LOAD
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Increases or decreases the number of simultaneous I/Os issued by the
BACKUP utility. The default is 8 I/Os.
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/JOURNAL
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Specifies that a BACKUP save operation is to create, or append
information to, a BACKUP journal file.
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/LIMIT
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Specifies the expansion size limit during restore or save operations.
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/LIST
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Lists information about a BACKUP save set and about the files in a save
set.
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/[NO]LOG
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Displays the file specification of each file processed during the
operation on SYS$OUTPUT.
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/NOINCREMENTAL
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Allows you to control the amount of file data that is saved in a save
operation. (Unrelated to /INCREMENTAL.)
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/PHYSICAL
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Specifies that a BACKUP operation is to ignore any file structure on
the input volume and to process the volume in terms of logical blocks.
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/PROGRESS_REPORT
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Displays the progress of a backup operation on the current output
device.
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/RECORD
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Records the current date and time in the BACKUP date field of each file
header once a file is successfully saved or copied.
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/RELEASE_TAPE
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Dismounts and unloads a tape after a BACKUP save operation either
writes and verifies the save set, or reaches the end of the tape.
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/SIZE
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Preserves the logical volume size on the target device or allows you to
specify the logical size of the target device.
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/[NO]TRUNCATE
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Controls whether a copy or restore operation truncates a sequential
output file at the end-of-file (EOF) when creating it.
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/VERIFY
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Specifies that the contents of the output specifier be compared with
the contents of the input specifier after a save, restore, or copy
operation is completed.
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/VOLUME
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Indicates that a specific disk volume in a disk volume set is to be
processed.
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| Input File-Selection Qualifiers |
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/BACKUP
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Selects files according to the BACKUP date written in the file header
record by the BACKUP/RECORD command.
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/BEFORE
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Selects files dated earlier than the date and time you specify.
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/BY_OWNER
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Causes BACKUP to process files owned by the specified UIC.
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/CONFIRM
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Displays prompts on your terminal for confirmation before processing
each file.
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/CONVERT
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Converts ODS-5 file names to ODS-2 file names.
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/CREATED
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Selects files according to the value of the creation date field in each
file header record.
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/EXCLUDE
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Excludes files from processing that otherwise meet the selection
criteria for a save or copy operation.
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/EXPIRED
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Selects files according to the value of the expiration date field in
each file header record.
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/FILES_SELECTED
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Specifies a file that contains a list of the files that are to be
selected when a save set is restored.
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/HEADER_ONLY
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Controls whether BACKUP saves only the file header of shelved and
preshelved files.
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/MODIFIED
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Selects files according to the value of the modified date field (the
date the file was last modified) in each file header record.
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/SINCE
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Selects files dated equal to or later than the specified date and time.
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| Output File Qualifiers |
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/BY_OWNER
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Redefines the owner user identification code (UIC) for restored files.
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/NEW_VERSION
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Creates a new version of a file if a file with an identical
specification already exists at the location to which the file is being
restored or copied.
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/OVERLAY
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Writes over an existing file when an identically named file is
encountered during the restore operation.
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/REPLACE
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Replaces a file on the output specifier with an identically named file
from the input specifier.
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| Input Save-Set Qualifiers |
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/[NO]CRC
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Checks the software cyclic redundancy check (CRC) encoded in the save
set's data blocks.
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/INPUT_FILES
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Directs BACKUP to treat the input-specifier as the file name of a list
of files. This file specifies the input files for a BACKUP operation.
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/[NO]REWIND
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Rewinds the input tape reel to the beginning-of-tape marker before
reading the input volume.
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/SAVE_SET
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Directs BACKUP to treat the input file as a BACKUP save set.
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/SELECT
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Selects the specified files for processing.
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| Output Save-Set Qualifiers |
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/BLOCK_SIZE
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Specifies the output block size, in bytes, for data records in BACKUP
save sets and in disk-to-disk copies.
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/BY_OWNER
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Specifies the owner user identification code (UIC) of the save set.
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/COMMENT
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Places the string that you supply into the BACKUP summary record of the
output save set.
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/[NO]CRC
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Specifies that the CRC is to be computed and stored in the data blocks
of the output save set.
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/DENSITY
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Specifies the recording density of the output magnetic tape.
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/EXACT_ORDER
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Specifies the exact order of tape volume labels that you want to use in
a BACKUP operation.
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/GROUP_SIZE
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Defines the number of blocks BACKUP places in each redundancy group.
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/LABEL
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Specifies the 1- to 6- character volume labels for the magnetic tapes
and 1- to 12- character volume labels for disks to which the save set
is written.
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/MEDIA_FORMAT
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Controls whether data records are automatically compacted and blocked
together.
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/PROTECTION
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When you create a save set on disk, this qualifier defines the
protection to be applied to an output save set. When you create a save
set on magnetic tape, this qualifier defines the protection to be
applied to the magnetic tape volume.
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/[NO]REWIND
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Rewinds the output tape to the beginning-of-tape marker and initializes
the output tape.
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/SAVE_SET
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Directs BACKUP to treat the output file as a BACKUP save set.
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/TAPE_EXPIRATION
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Writes a file expiration date other than the current date to the file
header label of the save set.
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7.5 BACKUP Usage Summary
By duplicating files or volumes of files, the Backup utility (BACKUP)
protects data from loss or corruption.
BACKUP is intended for use primarily by system managers and operators
to protect public media. However, anyone can use BACKUP to make
personal BACKUP copies and to transport files between OpenVMS systems.
The two ways to back up your system disk are:
- If you have access to the CD-ROM of the current
version of OpenVMS Alpha, I64, or VAX, you can use a menu-driven
procedure to back up your system disk.
- If you do not have access to the CD-ROM of the
current version of OpenVMS Alpha, I64, or VAX, you must use standalone
BACKUP to back up your system disk. Standalone BACKUP is a version of
the Backup utility that is bootstrapped into main memory instead of
running under the control of the OpenVMS VAX operating system.
Standalone BACKUP uses a subset of BACKUP qualifiers to perform image
and physical BACKUP operations.
Format
BACKUP input-specifier output-specifier
Parameters
input specifier
Specifies the input for the BACKUP operation. The input specifier can
be a standard OpenVMS file specification, a BACKUP save-set
specification, or a device name. If the input specifier is a save-set
specification on disk, it must include the input save-set qualifier
/SAVE_SET.
DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
Wildcards are permitted in standard OpenVMS file specifications and in
save-set specifications if they are on magnetic tape.
output specifier
Specifies the output for the BACKUP operation. The output specifier,
like the input specifier, can be either a standard OpenVMS file
specification, a BACKUP save-set specification, or a device name. If
the output specifier is a save set on disk, it must include the output
save-set qualifier /SAVE_SET.
DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
You can use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a Files--11
volume. You cannot use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a
BACKUP save set or a volume created by a BACKUP/PHYSICAL or
BACKUP/IMAGE operation. For restrictions on the use of wildcard
characters in BACKUP commands, see Section 7.3.2.
Description
To invoke online BACKUP, enter an appropriate BACKUP command at the DCL
prompt. For instructions on invoking standalone BACKUP, refer to the
HP OpenVMS System Manager's Manual.
When you enter a BACKUP command, BACKUP evaluates the input and output
specifier and qualifiers to determine the type of operation to perform.
BACKUP uses the input specifier to locate the input to the utility and
directs output to the output specifier, which can be a file or a save
set on disk or a save set on magnetic tape.
After executing the command, BACKUP returns to DCL command level. If
you want to halt the execution of a BACKUP command prematurely, press
Ctrl/Y. If BACKUP is creating a file when you press Ctrl/Y, the file is
closed immediately and only partially created.
You need the user privilege TMPMBX to send messages to operator
terminals when using BACKUP in batch mode. If you are performing a save
operation to a volume set of sequential disks, you must have the user
privilege PHY_IO or LOG_IO to write to a continuation volume. The use
of several BACKUP qualifiers also requires privileges; these are noted
in the appropriate qualifier descriptions.
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