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Concatenates str_2, including the terminating null character, to the end of str_1.
#include <string.h>Function Variants The strcat function has variants named _strcat32 and _strcat64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.9 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strcat (char *str_1, const char *str_2);
str_1, str_2
Pointers to null-terminated character strings.
See strncat .
x The address of the first argument, str_1, which is assumed to be large enough to hold the concatenated result.
#include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> /* This program concatenates two strings using the strcat */ /* function, and then manually compares the result of strcat */ /* to the expected result. */ #define S1LENGTH 10 #define S2LENGTH 8 main() { static char s1buf[S1LENGTH + S2LENGTH] = "abcmnexyz"; static char s2buf[] = " orthis"; static char test1[] = "abcmnexyz orthis"; int i; char *status; /* Take static buffer s1buf, concatenate static buffer */ /* s2buf to it, and compare the answer in s1buf with the */ /* static answer in test1. */ status = strcat(s1buf, s2buf); for (i = 0; i <= S1LENGTH + S2LENGTH - 2; i++) { /* Check for correct returned string. */ if (test1[i] != s1buf[i]) printf("error in strcat"); } }
Returns the address of the first occurrence of a given character in a null-terminated string.
#include <string.h>Function Variants The strchr function has variants named _strchr32 and _strchr64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.9 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strchr (const char *str, int character);
str
A pointer to a null-terminated character string.character
An object of type int .
This function returns the address of the first occurrence of a given character in a null-terminated string. The terminating null character is considered to be part of the string.Compare with strrchr , which returns the address of the last occurrence of a given character in a null-terminated string.
x The address of the first occurrence of the specified character. NULL Indicates that the character does not occur in the string.
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> main() { static char s1buf[] = "abcdefghijkl lkjihgfedcba"; int i; char *status; /* This program checks the strchr function by incrementally */ /* going through a string that ascends to the middle and then */ /* descends towards the end. */ for (i = 0; s1buf[i] != '\0' && s1buf[i] != ' '; i++) { status = strchr(s1buf, s1buf[i]); /* Check for pointer to leftmost character - test 1. */ if (status != &s1buf[i]) printf("error in strchr"); } }
Compares two ASCII character strings and returns a negative, 0, or positive integer, indicating that the ASCII values of the individual characters in the first string are less than, equal to, or greater than the values in the second string.
#include <string.h>int strcmp (const char *str_1, const char *str_2);
str_1, str_2
Pointers to character strings.
The strings are compared until a null character is encountered or until the strings differ.
< 0 Indicates that str_1 is less than str_2. = 0 Indicates that str_1 equals str_2. > 0 Indicates that str_1 is greater than str_2.
Compares two strings and returns an integer that indicates if the strings differ and how they differ. The function uses the collating information in the LC_COLLATE category of the current locale to determine how the comparison is performed.
#include <string.h>int strcoll (const char *s1, const char *s2);
s1, s2
Pointers to character strings.
The strcoll function, unlike strcmp , compares two strings in a locale-dependent manner. Because no value is reserved for error indication, the application must check for one by setting errno to 0 before the function call and testing it after the call.See also strxfrm .
< 0 Indicates that s1 is less than s2. = 0 Indicates that the strings are equal. > 0 Indicates that s1 is greater than s2.
Copies all of source, including the terminating null character, into dest.
#include <string.h>Function Variants The strcpy function has variants named _strcpy32 and _strcpy64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.9 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strcpy (char *dest, const char *source);
dest
Pointer to the destination character string.source
Pointer to the source character string.
The strcpy function copies source into dest, and stops after copying source's null character.The behavior of this function is undefined if the area pointed to by dest overlaps the area pointed to by source.
x The address of dest.
Returns the length of the prefix of a string that consists entirely of characters not in a specified set of characters.
#include <string.h>size_t strcspn (const char *str, const char *charset);
str
A pointer to a character string. If this character string is a null string, 0 is returned.charset
A pointer to a character string containing the set of characters.
The strcspn function scans the characters in the string, stops when it encounters a character found in charset, and returns the length of the string's initial segment formed by characters not found in charset.If none of the characters match in the character strings pointed to by str and charset, strcspn returns the length of string.
x The length of the segment.
Duplicates the specified string.
#include <string.h>Function Variants The strdup function has variants named _strdup32 and _strdup64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.9 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strdup (const char *s1);
s1
The string to be duplicated.
The strdup function returns a pointer to a string that is an exact duplicate of the string pointed to by s1. The malloc function is used to allocate space for the new string. The strdup function is provided for compatibility with existing systems.
x A pointer to the resulting string. NULL Indicates an error.
Maps the error number in error_code to a locale-dependent error message string.
#include <string.h>char *strerror (int error_code); (ANSI C)
char *strerror (int error_code[, int vms_error_code]); (HP C EXTENSION)
error_code
An error code.vms_error_code
An OpenVMS error code.
The strerror function uses the error number in error_code to retrieve the appropriate locale-dependent error message. The contents of the error message strings are determined by the LC_MESSAGES category of the program's current locale.When a program is not compiled with any standards-related feature-test macros (see Section 1.4.1), strerror has a second argument (vms_error_code), which is used in the following way:
- If error_code is EVMSERR and there is a second argument, then that second argument is used as the vaxc$errno value.
- If error_code is EVMSERR and there is no second argument, look at vaxc$errno to get the OpenVMS error condition.
See the Example section.
Use of the second argument is not included in the ANSI C definition of strerror and is, therefore, not portable.
Because no return value is reserved to indicate an error, applications should set the value of errno to 0, call strerror , and then test the value of errno ; a nonzero value indicates an error condition.
x A pointer to a buffer containing the appropriate error message. Do not modify this buffer in your programs. Moreover, calls to the strerror function may overwrite this buffer with a new message.
#include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <ssdef.h> main() { puts(strerror(EVMSERR)); errno = EVMSERR; vaxc$errno = SS$_LINKEXIT; puts(strerror(errno)); puts(strerror(EVMSERR, SS$_ABORT)); exit(1); }
Running this example produces the following output:
nontranslatable vms error code: <none> network partner exited abort |
Converts a number of monetary values into a string. The conversion is controlled by a format string.
#include <monetary.h>ssize_t strfmon (char *s, size_t maxsize, const char *format, ...);
s
A pointer to the resultant string.maxsize
The maximum number of bytes to be stored in the resultant string.format
A pointer to a string that controls the format of the output string....
The monetary values of type double that are to be formatted for the output string. There should be as many values as there are conversion specifications in the format string pointed to by format. The function fails if there are insufficient values. Excess arguments are ignored.
The strfmon function creates a string pointed to by s, using the monetary values supplied. A maximum of maxsize bytes is copied to s.The format string pointed to by format consists of ordinary characters and conversion specifications. All ordinary characters are copied unchanged to the output string. A conversion specification defines how one of the monetary values supplied is formatted in the output string.
A conversion specification consists of a percent character (%), followed by a number of optional characters (see Table REF-5), and concluding with a conversion specifier (see Table REF-6).
If any of the optional characters listed in Table REF-5 is included in a conversion specification, they must appear in the order shown.
Table REF-5 Optional Characters in strfmon Conversion Specifications Character Meaning = character Use character as the numeric fill character if a left precision is specified. The default numeric fill character is the space character. The fill character must be representable as a single byte in order to work with precision and width count. This conversion specifier is ignored unless a left precision is specified, and it does not affect width filling, which always uses the space character. ^ Do not use separator characters to format the number. By default, the digits are grouped according to the mon_grouping field in the LC_MONETARY category of the current locale. + Add the string specified by the positive_sign or negative_sign fields in the current locale. If p_sign_posn or n_sign_posn is set to 0, then parentheses are used by default to indicate negative values. Otherwise, sign strings are used to indicate the sign of the value. You cannot use a + and a ( in the same conversion specification. ( Enclose negative values within parentheses. The default is taken from the p_sign_posn and n_sign_posn fields in the current locale. If p_sign_posn or n_sign_posn is set to 0, then parentheses are used by default to indicate negative values. Otherwise, sign strings are used to indicate the sign of the value. You cannot use a + and ( in the same conversion specification. ! Suppress the currency symbol. By default, the currency symbol is included. -- Left-justify the value within the field. By default, values are right-justified. field width A decimal integer that specifies the minimum field width in which to align the result of the conversion. The default field width is the smallest field that can contain the result. #left_precision A # followed by a decimal integer specifies the number of digits to the left of the radix character. Extra positions are filled by the fill character. By default the precision is the smallest required for the argument. If grouping is not suppressed with the ^ conversion specifier, and if grouping is defined for the current locale, grouping separators are inserted before any fill characters are added. Grouping separators are not applied to fill characters even if the fill character is defined as a digit. .right_precision A period (.) followed by a decimal integer specifies the number of digits to the right of the radix character. Extra positions are filled with zeros. The amount is rounded to this number of decimal places. If the right precision is zero, the radix character is not included in the output. By default the right precision is defined by the frac_digits or int_frac_digits field of the current locale.
Table REF-6 strfmon Conversion Specifiers Specifier Meaning i Use the international currency symbol defined by the int_currency_symbol field in the current locale, unless the currency symbol has been suppressed. n Use the local currency symbol defined by the currency_symbol field in the current locale, unless the currency symbol has been suppressed. % Output a % character. The conversion specification must be %%; none of the optional characters is valid with this specifier.
x The number of bytes written to the string pointed to by s, not including the null-terminating character. - 1 Indicates an error. The function sets errno to one of the following values:
- EINVAL -- A conversion specification is syntactically incorrect.
- E2BIG -- Processing the complete format string would produce more than maxsize bytes.
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <locale.h> #include <monetary.h> #include <errno.h> #define MAX_BUF_SIZE 124 main() { size_t ret; char buffer[MAX_BUF_SIZE]; double amount = 102593421; /* Display a monetary amount using the en_US.ISO8859-1 */ /* locale and a range of different display formats. */ if (setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.ISO8859-1") == (char *) NULL) { perror("setlocale"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ret = strfmon(buffer, MAX_BUF_SIZE, "International: %i\n", amount); printf(buffer); ret = strfmon(buffer, MAX_BUF_SIZE, "National: %n\n", amount); printf(buffer); ret = strfmon(buffer, MAX_BUF_SIZE, "National: %=*#10n\n", amount); printf(buffer); ret = strfmon(buffer, MAX_BUF_SIZE, "National: %(n\n", -1 * amount); printf(buffer); ret = strfmon(buffer, MAX_BUF_SIZE, "National: %^!n\n", amount); printf(buffer); }
Running the example program produces the following result:
International: USD 102,593,421.00 National: $102,593,421.00 National: $**102,593,421.00 National: ($102,593,421.00) National: 102593421.00 |
Uses date and time information stored in a tm structure to create an output string. The format of the output string is controlled by a format string.
#include <time.h>Function Variants Compiling with the _DECC_V4_SOURCE and _VMS_V6_SOURCE feature-test macros defined enables a local-time-based entry point to the strftime function that is equivalent to the behavior before OpenVMS Version 7.0.size_t strftime (char *s, size_t maxsize, const char *format, const struct tm *timeptr);
s
A pointer to the resultant string.maxsize
The maximum number of bytes to be stored in the resultant string, including the null terminator.format
A pointer to a string that controls the format of the output string.timeptr
A pointer to the local time ( tm ) structure. The tm structure is defined in the <time.h> header file.
The strftime function uses data in the structure pointed to by timeptr to create the string pointed to by s. A maximum of maxsize bytes is copied to s.The format string consists of zero or more conversion specifications and ordinary characters. All ordinary characters (including the terminating null character) are copied unchanged into the output string. A conversion specification defines how data in the tm structure is formatted in the output string.
A conversion specification consists of a percent (%) character followed by one or more optional characters (see Table REF-7), and concluding with a conversion specifier (see Table REF-8). If any of the optional characters listed in Table REF-7 are specified, they must appear in the order shown in the table.
The strftime function behaves as if it called tzset .
Table REF-7 Optional Elements of strftime Conversion Specifications Element Meaning -- Optional with the field width to specify that the field is left-justified and padded with spaces. This cannot be used with the 0 element. 0 Optional with the field width to specify that the field is right-justified and padded with zeros. This cannot be used with the -- element. field width A decimal integer that specifies the maximum field width .precision A decimal integer that specifies the precision of data in a field. For the d, H, I, j, m, M, o, S, U, w, W, y, and Y conversion specifiers, the precision specifier is the minimum number of digits to appear in the field. If the conversion specification has fewer digits than that specified by the precision, leading zeros are added.
For the a, A, b, B, c, D, E, h, n, N, p, r, t, T, x, X, Z, and % conversion specifiers, the precision specifier is the maximum number of characters to appear in the field. If the conversion specification has more characters than that specified by the precision, characters are truncated on the right.
The default precision for the d, H, I, m, M, o, S, U, w, W, y and Y conversion specifiers is 2; the default precision for the j conversion specifier is 3.
Note that the list of conversion specifications in Table REF-7 are extensions to the XPG4 specification.
Table REF-8 lists the conversion specifiers. The strftime function uses fields in the LC_TIME category of the program's current locale to provide a value. For example, if %B is specified, the function accesses the mon field in LC_TIME to find the full month name for the month specified in the tm structure. The result of using invalid conversion specifiers is undefined.
Table REF-8 strftime Conversion Specifiers Specifier Replaced by a The locale's abbreviated weekday name A The locale's full weekday name b The locale's abbreviated month name B The locale's full month name c The locale's appropriate date and time representation C The century number (the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer) as a decimal number (00 -- 99) d The day of the month as a decimal number (01 -- 31) D Same as %m/%d/%y e The day of the month as a decimal number (1 -- 31) in a 2-digit field with the leading space character fill Ec The locale's alternative date and time representation EC The name of the base year (period) in the locale's alternative representation Ex The locale's alternative date representation EX The locale's alternative time representation Ey The offset from the base year ( %EC ) in the locale's alternative representation EY The locale's full alternative year representation h Same as %b H The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (00 -- 23) I The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (01 -- 12) j The day of the year as a decimal number (001 -- 366) m The month as a decimal number (01 -- 12) M The minute as a decimal number (00 -- 59) n The new-line character Od The day of the month using the locale's alternative numeric symbols Oe The date of the month using the locale's alternative numeric symbols OH The hour (24-hour clock) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols OI The hour (12-hour clock) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols Om The month using the locale's alternative numeric symbols OM The minutes using the locale's alternative numeric symbols OS The seconds using the locale's alternative numeric symbols Ou The weekday as a number in the locale's alternative representation (Monday=1) OU The week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols OV The week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number (01 -- 53) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. If the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, it is considered as week 1. Otherwise, it is considered as week 53 of the previous year, and the next week is week 1. Ow The weekday as a number (Sunday=0) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols OW The week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols Oy The year without the century using the locale's alternative numeric symbols p The locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations associated with a 12-hour clock r The time in AM/PM notation R The time in 24-hour notation ( %H:%M ) S The second as a decimal number (00 -- 61) t The tab character T The time ( %H:%M:%S ) u The weekday as a decimal number between 1 and 7 (Monday=1) U The week number of the year (the first Sunday as the first day of week 1) as a decimal number (00 -- 53) V The week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number (00 -- 53). If the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, it is considered as week 1. Otherwise, it is considered as week 53 of the previous year, and the next week is week 1. w The weekday as a decimal number (0 [Sunday] -- 6) W The week number of the year (the first Monday as the first day of week 1) as a decimal number (00 -- 53) x The locale's appropriate date representation X The locale's appropriate time representation y The year without century as a decimal number (00 -- 99) Y The year with century as a decimal number Z Time-zone name or abbreviation. If time-zone information is not available, no character is output. % Literal % character.
x The number of characters placed into the array pointed to by s, not including the terminating null character. 0 Indicates an error occurred. The contents of the array are indeterminate.
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